Contents
REFERENCES
Content
LEARNING PROGRAMME GUID
MODULE 1 – PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
OBJECTIVES
WHAT IS FIRST AID?
THE OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AI
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
LAW
LEARNING OUTCOMES
MODULE 2 – ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOG
OBJECTIVES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTE
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMNTARY SYSTEM
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
THE IMMUNE SYSTE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
TEST YOURSELF
MODULE 3 – PERSONAL SAFETY
OBJECTIVES
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL
REMOVING GLOVES
HIV AND AIDS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
TEST YOURSELF
MODULE 4 – SCENE MANAGEMEN
OBJECTIVES
SCENE SURVE
PRIORITISE THE VICTIM
CALL FOR ASSISTANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
TEST YOURSELF
MODULE 5 – CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIO
OBJECTIVES
WHEN TO STOP CP
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 6 – AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
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OBJECTIVES
PRINCIPLES OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF AEDS (AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS
AED OPERATION
STEPS TO OPERATE ALL AEDs
CPR AND AED US
ONE RESCUER WITH AED
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Medication Patches
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 7 – VICTIM ASSESSMENT
OBJECTIVES
PRIMARY SURVEY
The conscious victi
The unconscious victim
SECONDARY SURVEY
HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATIO
HISTOR
VITAL SIGNS
Level of Consciousness
Puls
Breathin
Skin colour, temperature and condition
Colour
Temperature
Conditio
Pupil
Constricted pupils
Caused by
Dilated pupils
Caused by
Unequal pupils
Caused by
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 8 – BREATHING EMERGENCIE
OBJECTIVES
BREATHING EMERGENCIES
Signs of Breathing Emergencies
Ineffective Breathing
RECOGNITION OF CHOKING
CAUSES
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MANAGEMENT OF CHOKIN
Conscious Victim
Conscious Victim Becoming Unconscious
Unconscious victim
Alone and chokin
Alone and Choking If Pregnant or Obese
ARTIFICIAL BREATHING TECHNIQUES
COMPLICATIONS OF BREATHING EMERGENCIES
PERFORMING ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIO
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 9 – SHOC
OBJECTIVES
SHOCK
Causes
Signs and symptoms
Management
Positioning a Victim in Shoc
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 10 – CEREBROVASCULAR EMERGENCIE
OBJECTIVES
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Causes
Management
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT/INCIDENT (Stroke)
Causes
Signs and symptoms
Recognitio
Management
FAINTIN
Causes
Signs and symptoms
Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 11 – CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES
OBJECTIVES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
RISK FACTOR
HYPERTENSION
ANGIN
HEART ATTACK
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Signs and symptoms
Management
CARDIAC ARREST
Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 12 – BLEEDING AND WOUND CAR
OBJECTIVES
TYPES OF WOUNDS
DRESSINGS
BANDAGES
BLEEDING
External bleeding
Internal bleeding
Management
Treatment of a wound with an impaled objec
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES
CHECKING AND MONITORING CIRCULATION
ABDOMINAL WOUNDS
Management of abdominal wound
WOUND INFECTION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 13 – BURNS
OBJECTIVES
Safety measure
TYPES OF BURNS
CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEPTH OF A BUR
Superficial burn
Signs and symptoms
Partial-thickness burn
Signs and symptoms
Full-thickness burns
Signs and symptoms
Management of thermal burns
Superficial burn
Partial-thickness burns (less Than 10% BSA
Partial-thickness burns (more than and equal to 20% BSA) and all full-thickness burn
CHEMICAL BURN
Management of chemical burns
ELECTRICAL BURN
Signs and symptoms
Common causes of electrical burn
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Management of electrical burn
RADIATION BURNS
Sunburn
Precautions
Complications
EYES
First Aid for Chemicals in the Eye
Eye Burns from Ligh
First Aid for Eye Burns from Light
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 14 – HEAD INJURIES
OBJECTIVES
HEAD INJURIES
Mechanism of injur
Signs and symptoms
Management
General considerations
NOSE INJURIES
NOSEBLEED
Management
FRACTURED NOSE
Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 15 – BONE AND MUSCLE INJURIE
OBJECTIVES
CATEGORIES OF INJURIE
FRACTURES
DISLOCATION
Mechanism of injur
SPLINTS
Types of Splint
Signs and symptoms
First aid for injuries to the upper limb
First aid for injuries to the lower limbs
First aid for fractures of the pelvis
SPRAINS AND STRAIN
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 16 – SPINAL INJURIES
OBJECTIVES
Mechanism of injur
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Signs and symptoms
Management
General considerations
Prevention and treatment of back and neck injuries in rescuers
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 17 – RESCUE CARRIES AND MOVING VICTIMS
OBJECTIVES
Immediate dangers:
Principles of safety before moving the victim
ONE-RESCUER CARRIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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APPENDICE
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX
MODULE 18 – TWO-RESPONDER CPR
OBJECTIVES
When a second rescuer is available to help:
TECHNIQUE
Rescuer 1 – At the victim’s side:
Rescuer 2 – At the victim’s head
USING AN AED
Rescuer 1 – At the victim’s side
Rescuer 2 – At the victim’s other side
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 19 – CHILD AND INFANT CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
OBJECTIVES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Common causes/mechanisms of injury causing respiratory arrest
Prevention of breathing emergencies
Child/Infant Artificial Respiration
Performing Compressions on a Chil
Performing compressions on an infant
CPR with an AED on a child/infant
MANAGEMENT OF A CHOKING CHILD/INFANT
Conscious Infant Choking Becoming Unconscious
TWO-RESCUER CPR
USING AN AE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
TEST YOURSELF
MODULE 20 – CHEST INJURIES
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OBJECTIVES
TYPES
RIB FRACTURES
Signs and symptoms
PENETRATING CHEST INJURIES
Signs and symptoms
FLAIL CHEST
Signs and symptoms
Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 21 – MULTIPLE VICTIM MANAGEMEN
OBJECTIVES
Triage
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 22 – POISONS
OBJECTIVES
Preventio
Approach to poisoning
How poisons enter the body
INGESTION
Signs and symptoms
Specific first aid for ingested poisons
ABSORPTIO
Signs and symptoms
Specific first aid for absorbed poison
INHALATION
Signs and symptoms
Specific first aid for inhaled poisons
INJECTION
Signs and symptoms
Specific First Aid for Injected Poisons
GENERAL FIRST AID FOR POISONING
PLANT POISONIN
JIMSON WEED
Signs and symptoms
CASTOR OIL PLANT, Kasterolieboom or Mokhura (Ricinus communis)
Signs and symptoms
OLEANDE
Signs and symptoms
SYRINGA TREE
Signs and symptoms
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Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 23 – BITES & STINGS
OBJECTIVES
SNAKES
TYPES OF VENOM
Neurotoxic Venom
Signs and symptoms
Haemotoxic Venom
Signs and symptoms
Cytotoxic Venom
Signs and symptoms
FRONT FANGED SNAKES (ELAPIDAE)
Snakes in this category:
Characteristic
BACK FANGED SNAKES (COLUBRIDAE)
Snakes in this categor
Characteristic
ADDERS (VIPERIDAE
Snakes in this categor
Characteristic
Signs and symptoms of snake bites
Treatment of snake bite
DO NOT:
HUMAN AND ANIMAL BITE
Management
INSECT BITE
TICK BITES
Prevention of tick bites
After returning home
Signs and symptoms
First aid for tick bites
DO NOT:
SPIDER
BUTTON SPIDERS
Signs and symptoms
VIOLIN SPIDERS
Signs and symptoms
SAC SPIDER
Signs and symptoms
Treatment of spider bite
SCORPIONS
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Signs and symptoms
Treatment of scorpion sting
BEES, WASPS, AND HORNET
Signs and symptoms
Treatment
MARINE BITES AND STINGS
BLUE BOTTLES
Signs and symptoms
Management
SEA URCHIN
Signs and symptoms
Management
General guidelines for prevention of marine bites and stings
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 24 – MEDICAL CONDITIONS
OBJECTIVES
DIABETES
DIABETIC EMERGENCIE
HYPERGLYCAEMI
Causes
Signs and symptoms
HYPOGLYCAEMI
Causes
Signs and symptoms
FIRST AID FOR DIABETIC EMERGENCIE
EPILEPSY/ CONVULSIONS (SEIZURES)
Common causes of seizures
Types of seizure
PHASES OF GENERALISED SEIZUR
Aur
Toni
Clonic
Postictal /sleep/recovery phase
Signs and symptoms
Management of seizures
SEIZURES IN CHILDREN/INFANT
STATUS EPILEPTICU
ASTHMA
Causes
Signs and symptoms
Management
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
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Signs and symptoms
Management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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MODULE 25 – NEAR DROWNING
OBJECTIVES
NEAR DROWNIN
Causes
Signs and symptoms
First aid
NOTE:
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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